Effect of Exposure to Petroleum Products

Effect of Exposure to Petroleum Products Petroleum-derived products are chemicals (mostly volatile) that primarily used for internal combustion machines. These products are made up of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components; hydrocarbons consist of (aromatic, saturated and unsaturated) and non-hydrocarbons consist of (N, S, O2, vanadium and nickel)(179,180). Some individuals ought to have a bigger risk of revelation to gasoline fumes; those individuals may include gasoline trucks drivers, Petroleum refining factory workforce, filling-station staff and service station attendants, (181). In the present study, table 3-1 demonstrates that, the exposure of oil refineries working staff to petroleum products for long period of time may significantly elevates serum levels of copper, iron, and lead equated to control standards. It is well known that impairment of metal homeostasis in the biological system can be considered as a risk factor for many health disorders. In this regard, chronic elevation of free iron in biological flu ids may lead to diabetes, cardiomyocytes damage, impaired sexual drive, liver cirrhosis, and kidney diseases. Meanwhile, free iron-induced tissue damage might be irreversible, and should be seriously considered by health care professionals due to the high risk of establishing many types of pathological disorders(182). In addition to the release from endogenous storage sites, heavy metals along with other pollutants are discharged to the environment through many industrial activities; during most of these activities, wastes are generated and discharged into the environment in volatile forms(181). The copper content in the human body represents an essential part of various significant enzymes that takes part in vigorous biological processes. Free form release can be done to catalyze ROS formation despite it is generally proteins bounded, including the most powerful and dangerous radicals of hydroxyl. Many cell culture and in vitro studies collected data, support the idea that free for m of Cu initiates oxidative stress, and interferes with important many cellular events(183). Moreover, exposure to exogenous sources and/or liberation of free copper from endogenous sources facilitates the rate of Fenton reactions that excessively generate free radicals(184). For a variety of diseases this is considered as a dynamic research zone, in which copper is playing a significant but yet extra delicate part than in acute toxicity(185). Lead, among the metals that elevated in the plasma of oil refineries workers, is the most dangerous one and massive exposure can lead to fatal consequences. In the present study, the mean blood level of lead is significantly elevated in exposed workers compared with that reported in control subjects. The pathogenesis of lead poisoning is contributed by lead-induced oxidative stress, and increases liberation of ROS through different heterogeneous mechanisms, which may facilitate tissue damage. Among the mechanisms through which Lead induce tissue damage, is the damage of DNA and other proteins and enzymes that have critical roles in body homeostasis. Several target places such as: liver, brain, blood vessels, lung, sperm, and testes can be caused by different pathological conditions related to lead-induced oxidative stress (186). Since lead is one of the components of the petroleum products, especially automobile fuel, blood lead levels are the best indicator of lead exposure impact in the oil refinery and petrol station workers. Many chemicals and additive in Petroleum products however, anyone of the composition could be the cause for such deterioration in the homeostasis of certain metals. Accordingly, intervention may be improved to prevent or at least delay minor impairment de velopment to fatal levels of lead and/or the free forms of iron and copper in the occupational setting. This could be done by the identification of precise product and the categorization of risk exposed job . Moreover, reports regarding hazards in oil refineries may arise in different ways, such as: biological, psychological chemical, physical, and non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Worldwide diseases and work-related hazards remain to be serious problems, due to the large number of hazards in such workplaces and the absence of consideration to health and safety measures to numerous workers. (187). Although the urinary tract system is viewed as a target of heavy metal toxicity, the study showed that there is no obvious significant alteration in kidney function markers. In the present study, table 3-2 demonstrates a slight elevation in serum urea and microalbuminuria levels in the exposed personnel in comparison to non-exposed healthy individuals; although serum creatinine levels has not affected at all. Petroleum derivatives consist of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons generally gasoline interrelated , these products are mostly toxic to the body organs and specially the kidney(188,189), that could be referred to the risen liberated toxic metabolites, that includes reactive oxygen species. Although animal experimentations stated that inhaling the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, styrene, and xylene was nephrotoxic(190), however, in humans it has not been verified(191). Both human and trial readings propose that the kidney may be affected by several chemicals (192). Of these chem icals, organic solvents’ role in chronic kidney ailments, mainly chronic glomerulonephritis, has been debated for a long time (193). Moreover, the lead content of the volatile petroleum products can induce many enzymatic systems in the body; most of them liberate ROS in many organs and tissues including the kidney and the cardiovascular tissues(194). Development in additional researches in this field was resulted by the acknowledgment that industrial and ecological causes may damage the renal functions. In the present study, the biomarkers of renal function (urea, creatinine and microalbuminuria) are not importantly high in oil refinery personnel; nevertheless, while they might be slightly raised, and still within standard figures, an inclination could be signified in the direction of initiation of renal diseases. Within the same context, former research has indicated that petroleum products exposition could have damaging impact on kidney functions(195,196). Stengel et al., b ased on a case control study, does not agree on the effect of petroleum exposure in occurrence of glomerulonephritis; but proposed a role in the progression to end stage renal disease(197). Jacob et al. indicated that while using an suitable cohort study design, exposition to petroleum products for long period is connected, with faster progress to end-stage renal ailment, in patients with IgA and membranous glomerulonephritis(198). Regarding the liver function markers, the present study demonstrates a significant increase in the activities of ALT, AST, and ALKP in the serum of refinery workers, compared to that reported in non-exposed subjects. This result supports the possibility of the existence of liver damage induced by the long-term exposure to petroleum products. Some of the liver enzymes existed in the serum in quite low concentration. These enzymes’ function in the serum is to offer hepatic functions information and the possibility of damage in hepatic tissues. Raise of AST and ALT beside the increase in ALP action could imitate inflammatory diseases or liver injury. In this study, the maximum activity of ALKP found was very high, suggesting the likelihood of hepatic cell injury. Serum enzyme activity patterns reflect the organ’s physiological state, as some investigators stated. For example the AST, ALT and ALKP activities rise in serum levels, was noticed in serum of mice inhaled petroleum vapors(199). Other studies indicate a rise in hepatic enzymes activities following albino mouse liver injury exposed to different types of toxic substances(200,201). Moreover, albino rats serum and liver showed biochemical changes for rats inveterately exposed to gasoline, kerosene and crude petroleum revealed a dose-dependent increase in the activities of liver enzymes of rats(202). However, the Total and conjugated serum bilirubin remains unaffected. The present study results in tune with the findings. Evidence from the experimental data indica tes that crude petroleum and/or its refined products could induce hepatic damage, and when exposure becomes high and chronic, it could render the liver dysfunctional. The current study indicates that there is no significant effect of exposure to petroleum products on the lipid profile markers. Besides, the serum glucose level is non-significantly affected. The present study reveals a weak significant decrease (P= 0.04) in the total antioxidant status (TAS) in the serum of oil refinery workers, compared with non-exposed subjects. Although exposure to the fumes of oil processing is considered as a powerful initiator of ROS generation, the studied workers show a very small remarkable decrease in this regard. This might be attributed to the effective compensatory mechanisms, which are still function effectively in many of the workers included in the study. Antioxidants, such as GSH, uric acid, ascorbate and ÃŽ ±-tocopherol present in epithelial lining fluid could keep the tissues from oxidant damage made by air pollutants exposition including petroleum vapors(203). It has been reported that under normal physiological conditions, the biological system maintains a balance between generation and neutralization of ROS(204). However, when the biological system exposed to petroleum products, the rate of ROS production cells get increased, and de pletion of antioxidant reserves may occur when compensation is not enagh(205). Our study shows a statistically significant reduction in all the measured parameters of lung function (except FEV1/FVC) of the oil refinery workers compared with the non-exposed subjects. This finding is in tune with that reported by others. An animal study has indicated that inflammation and/or injury of the airways can be resulted from diesel exhaust waste that establishes a significant fraction of particulate air pollution (206). The peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory mean flow, and forced vital capacity are significantly reduced in animals exposed to gasoline exhaust fumes. The existence of SO2 is possibly behind respiratory impairment and the quality of the hydrocarbons in gasoline exhaust gases(207). Moreover, exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons significantly induces lipid peroxidation with a consequent increased MDA levels, and a decrease in SOD and CAT activities and GSH level. Such state of oxidative stress, due to exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, also causes alterati on in the histomorphology oflungtissues, and inhaled petroleum hydrocarbons are potential risk factor in thepathophysiologyof pulmonary dysfunction(208). Histomorphologic research stated that edema and hemorrhagic necrosis of the lung alveoli and parenchyma were caused by petroleum hydrocarbons. The outcome of the effect of exposure to petroleum products on hematocrit and RBC count appears to be importantly diverse when matched to that of control group. The toxic ingredients, in petroleum vapors, have been testified to alternate the composition of blood. Most of subjects exposed, for longer than two years, to petroleum products had significantly lower figures of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count than subjects for less than two years exposition. Subjects would become anemic progressively on exposure to petroleum fumes. These results indicate that the petroleum fumes cause a reduction in hematological indices, which worsens with prolonged exposure(209). The principal limitations of the current study, including small sample size, does not enable perfect prediction of the hematological changes in the oil refinery workers included in the study. Moreover, the present study demonstrates significant elevation in serum interleukin-ÃŽ ²1 in the exposed workers compared with non-exposed subjects. Interleukin-1ÃŽ ², also known as catabolin, is a mediator related to the family of cytokines .When the macrophage is activated, This cytokine is released as a proprotein, which is converted by proteolytic enzyme to its active form. This cytokine is considered a significant arbitrator of the inflammatory reaction, and plays a significant part in a diverse cellular events, such as cell distinction, proliferation, and apoptosis(210). Subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and asthma ,demonstrate high level of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1. The highly expression of IL-1ÃŽ ² induced in the lungs of adult mice lead to pulmonary inflammation distinguished by neutrophil and macrophage infiltrates. IL-1ÃŽ ² affect distal airspace and cause swelling, consistent with emphysema. IL-1ÃŽ ² distroyed elastin fibers in alveolar septa and cause fibrosis in the pleura and airway walls. The thickness of conducting airways is elevated by IL-1ÃŽ ² , that lead to production of mucine, which in turn aggregates lymphocyte in the airways(211). Moreover, IL-1ÃŽ ² has great influence in the induction of murine emphysema and small airway remodeling. It is compared to TNF-ÃŽ ± in this effect(212). Conclusions: Workers exposed to petroleum products for long-term are placed at oil refinery industry at continuous risk of development of defective organs functions which necessitate a frequent medical examinations and application of suitable measures to prevent serious effects on different body organs of workers and employee at oil refinery industry. Recommendations for Future Work: From my perspective , I do recommend people who work in oil refinery industry should take annual classes that provide valuable information regarding health and safety measures to reduce the risk . Providing information and education about air quality monitoring in and around refineries.

bridging the gap for womens wages :: essays research papers

Bridging the Gap for Women’s Wages â€Å"Somehow, the unsexy issue of the paycheck—equal pay for the same or equivalent work—dropped off the economic agenda. But it never left the minds of women† (41). In her article entitled â€Å"A New Campaign for Pay Equity,† liberal columnist Ellen Goodman outlines the problem concerning the wage gap between men and women. By describing the present position of the wage gap, Goodman points out that there are things being done by the government for the wage gap, which include enforcing the laws that are in existence and suggesting that jobs of equal value be paid equal wages. Goodman then states that, even though laws are in place and goals have been announced, there is still a considerable slack in the government's progress. She holds that the laws are not being enforced as well as they could be and that society needs to transform the way it views the value of women's work, or just work in general. "Underlying the new campaign for pay equity,& quot; Goodman emphasizes, "are attitudes that are changing faster than wages" (41). Here, she suggests that people are beginning to ponder why women's wages are lower. Goodman explains that in order for the issue to be solved, the changes will have to begin on a state level and move up to the national level as momentum and support are gained. Goodman concludes with an astounding statistic: Because of the gender gap, women's families lose $200 billion each year. This statistic helps Goodman enforce the idea that although there are improvements afoot, "[. . .] half a cent a year just won't cut it.† I can honestly say that the first time or two I read the essay, I found it hard to formulate an opinion on the topic covered. At first, I thought that maybe Goodman was victimizing women and just complaining. But the more the class delved into the topic, the more I saw that it was truly a problem in our society. My mother has worked in the same printing factory for more than twenty years. She started at the age of eighteen, at the lowest position possible and has worked her way up to becoming the second-most powerful person in the plant. Her title is Production Supervisor and she is the only woman supervisor in the company. In fact, there are only a small number of women that are not working as temporary employees in her company.

Employment Rights and Responsabilities Essay

1.1 The aspects of employment covered by law are: health and safety(1974), disability discrimination act(1995 amended in 2005), the day care and child minding regulations(2003), Data protection act, sex discrimination act(1975 amended in 1986), the race relations act (1976 amended 2000 and regulations 2003), equal pay act(1970,1983,2010), working time directive and working time regulations (1998), national minimum wage act(1998) and the employments rights act (as amended by the employment regulations act (1999 and he employment act 2002 and 2008). 1.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY (1974): It is your employer’s duty to make sure that you are protected from any risks and dangers which could occur in your work place. DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT(1995,2005): Provides legal rights for disabled people in areas such as employment and education. THE DAYCARE AND CHILDMINDING REGULATIONS(2003): They set down minimum standards covering a number of areas. Registered providers have to meet ratios of adults to children. DATA PROTECTION ACT (1998): Protects the personal information that organisations hold about people the information must be correct, must not be used for any other reason except the reason it was collected for, must not be passed on without permission and must not be kept for longer than necessary SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT (1975,1986): Employer must not treat men and women differently if they can not show a good reason for doing so. THE RACE RELATIONS ACT (1976,200,2003): Makes it unlawful for anyone to discriminate against anyone else because of race, colour, nationality or ethnic origin. EQUAL PAY ACT(1970,1983,2010): The right to same pay and conditions of employment as some one of the opposite sex where you’re doing the same work. WORKING TIME DIRECTIVE AND WORKING TIMES REGULATIONS (1998): Covers legal hours you can work minimum daily rests and paid annual leave. NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE ACT (1998): Minimum amount per hour most workers in the uk are entitled to be paid. THE EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS ACT(1996,1999,2002,2008): This is a large law that covers many of the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees including; contracts of employment, right to itemised pay statement, right to time off work, right to time off work for sickness, maternity rights, termination of employment, unfair dismissal and redundancy rights. 1.3 Legislation relating to employment exists to protect you at work; they also protect your colleagues, the children and their parents. These laws also tell you what you are expected to do and how you should behave at work. 1.4 ACAS (Advisory conciliation and arbitration service) is for both employees and employers who are involved in an employment dispute or are seeking information on employment rights and rules. OFSTED Inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. They inspect to judge the quality and standards of care. CITIZENS ADVICE help with all aspects of employment rights and can help get further information regarding employment rights and responsibilities. WWW.DIRECT.GOV.UK/PAYANDWORKRIGHTS TASK 2 2.1 The terms and conditions which are covered in my contract are: my job title(nursery nurse), hours of work(30 per week between 6am and 6pm), holiday, absence due to sickness or injury(must inform manager at least 2 hours before shift starts), sick pay, notice of termination of employment (1 months’ notice in writing), grievance procedure, company rules and the disciplinary procedure. 2.2 The information that is shown on my pay slip is: my name and address so I know it is my pay slip, my national insurance number so I know im paying national insurance for me and no one else, my tax codeso I know how much tax I should be paying, rate of pay how much I earn an hour , pay period so I know how many weeks pay I should get, pay date when I get paid, payment method how I get paid, national insurance table letter, company’s name so I know who is paying me, net pay, weekly amount of pay-how much I earnt each week. Year to date; taxable gross pay, income tax, employee national insurance contribution and employer national insurance contribution. 2.3 It is important for the company and all employees that any grievance is brought to light quickly and dealt with expeditiously. If any time you have a grievance which cannot be cleared informally you should raise it formally either verbally or in writing with your immediate supervisor. 2.4 The personal information which must be kept up to date with my employer are my contact number, my address, bank details in which I wish my pay to be sent to and any relevant health information which may affect my job roll. 2.5 The agreed ways of working are to always be polite and profesional, to follow policies and procedures corectly to make everyone feel welcome and happy to be at nursery to provide a save,warm,loving and happy environment for the childeren,to be respectfull of other peoples religion, background and personal choices. TASK 3 3.1 I make sure that the children are provided with the highest quality of care, that they are supported in their intellectual social and emotional needs by making sure there are appropriate activities for them that are not too easy or hard for them,helping them to make friends and socialise with other children of the same age by encouraging them to play together and setting out group activities, I have made strong positive relationships with the children and their parents and make them feel welcome and happy to be at our nursery.I also make sure that each individual child which I work with have age appropriate play available eg, the younger children whom are learning to walk have walkers available at all times the pre school children have more difficult puzzles to do so it encourages them to solve problems and think about what they are doing where as the toddlers will have easier jigsaw puzzles as it is to hard for them to do , I make learning the colours and alphabet fun by combini ng it with play we have a counting game which the children enjoy, I also use colour and number throughout the day e.g, at lunch time as im handing out the plates I will ask the children â€Å"what colour plate have you got†or during an activity using building blocks I may ask â€Å"how many green blocks are there† , we do a lot of messy and creative activities we do alot of messy play because messy play involves children using all their senses in the process of exploration, especially the sense of touch, offers the opportunity to mould and manipulate materials and not having a focus on making/producing something 3.2 The positive relationships which I have made with the children makes their parents feel reassured that their child is well looked after and happy when they leave them with us which reflects on other parents and they are more likely to recommend our nursery to others due to the high quality of care delivered by staff. i work very well individualy or as part of a team, im creative,profesional and follow good practice. 3.3 My job fits in with the wider sector because we help to teach the children things to help them be independent and prepare them for school by teaching them basic things like their colours, alphabet and how to write their name . Also we spend 5 days a week with the majority of the children in our nursery there for if anything is wrong with them we can usually tell straight away i.e. unusual behaviour, bruises etc. we have to pass that information on to our supervisor whom will then decide if it needs to be taken further. Or if the social services have to intervene with a family we will work alongside them to support the individual child as much as we possibly can. 3.4 A professional body is usually a nonprofit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, and the public interest. A profesional body is group of people in a learned occupation who are trusted with maintaining control or oversight of the practice of the occupation also a body acting to safeguard the public interest professional bodies act to protect the public by maintaining and enforcing standards of training and ethics in their profession, they often also act like a trade unio n for the members of the profession. TASK 4 4.1 After compleing the level 3 qualification you can go on to further your education by doing a level 4 nvq or going to university and doing a foundation degree. You can have a job as a nursery manager , teacher, teaching assistant, a hospital play therapist a job in social work or health work. 4.2 There are a number of organisations that can help you find out more about higher qualifications these include, the early years nto, CACHE, EDEXECL,LCCIEB, city and guilds, universitys, connexions, local early years development and child care partnerships. 4.3 After achieving my level 3 I Intend to follow on to study at university and become a primary school teacher. TASK 5 5.1 Concerns have been raised regarding the misuse of mobile phones with in the sector, where photographs have been taken of children and used in inappropriate ways. 5.2 Some people think that mobile phones should not be used so things like this can not happen again, where as other people think that mobiles should be allowed incase of emergencis. Some people don’t like men to work in nurseries oor only wish for female staff to change their childs nappy this can be seen as discrimination against male workers. 5.3 The public concern regarding the miss use of mobile phones has made the public more cautious about the people whom are looking after their child, and they may feel tht stricter guid lines and checks should be put in place to protect children. 5.4 In our work place we are not allowed our phones in the rooms with the children they must be put in our lockers or in our bags in the office.If we are found to have our phones on us then we are dismissed instantly, the only exeptions are if were on a nursery trip and need to contact other staff, management or in an emergency even then we are not to use our mobiles for personal use when on trips and there is a after school club mobile which must stay on at all times and is only used to contact afterschool club perents and dos not have a camera on it.

The Myth Of The Bible - 1392 Words

There are many aspects of christianity that cause me to wonder if the god that I have been taught about my entire life exists. The matter of creation is not one of the things that causes my doubt. Many atheists cite the proof of evolution as their reason to disprove the bible because it clearly teaches young earth creationism. They along with the majority of christians are wrong. Evolution, the Big Bang and science do not completely conflict with the bible. In order to truly understand the bible you must realize that it is not an almanac or historical account of history. It is a collection of many forms of writing that were put together to convey a message. Christians should not cling to their arrogance and continue to make preposterous claims that turn agnostics, atheists, and other theists away from Christianity. Old earth creationism is the only way that the bible should be interpreted. In this paper rather than providing science I will simply show how young earth creationist clai ms about the age of the earth are unfounded. Young earth creationists believe the universe has existed for about 7,000 years. They provide â€Å"proof† for this interpretation in two major ways. The young earth interpretation takes the use of the hebrew word Yà ´m to mean a literal 24 hour day. meaning that Adam (if Adam was even an actual person) was literally created 6 days after the universe itself came into existence. Young earth creationists then trace the genealogies found in the bible to find theShow MoreRelatedThe Bible Among The Myths3214 Words   |  13 PagesIn The Bible Among the Myths, John N. Oswalt, opens up his book by establishing his expertise in the subject of the Ancient Near East (ANE). Oswalt started his study into the ANE at Asbury Theological Seminary. After attending Asbury Theological Seminary, he went to Brandeis University. This is where his fascination with the subjects and Ideas of the ANE started to grow. Oswalt eventually went on to teach at Asbury Theological Seminary, Trinity Evangeli cal Divinity School, and Wesley Biblical SeminaryRead MoreThe Bible Is True And Not Myths1258 Words   |  6 PagesArchaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old TestamentRead MoreThe Bible Is True And Not Myths1258 Words   |  6 PagesArchaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the people back i n the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old TestamentRead MoreEssay on The Bible Among the Myths Summary3696 Words   |  15 PagesSUMMARY OF JOHN N. OSWALT’S BOOK THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS David Strickland Old Testament Introduction - OBST 590 June 1, 2013 Introduction The author, John N. Oswalt, was first introduced to the subject of this book in his seminary studies in the 1960s. Oswalt introduces his book with a narrative of the similarities and differences that exist between the Old Testament and the literature of the Ancient Near East. Prior to the 1960s scholars believed that the Old Testament was unique and didRead MoreEssay on Book Summary of the Bible Among the Myths2904 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Author John N. Oswalt begins The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? with a concise and well-written introduction that whets the reader’s appetite, compelling one to continue reading. He begins by informing the reader that his novel has been in the works dating all of the way back to the 1960s, when he attended the Asbury Theological Seminary. Oswalt quickly points out that one of the main points that the book will focus on is determining if â€Å"theRead MoreChapter Summary: The Bible Among the Myths Essay5414 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction Oswalt first learned about the issues in â€Å"The Bible Among the Myths† while taking a class taught by Dennis Kinlaw at Asbury Theological Seminary. His interest in the subject has grown since with graduate study and his own classes which he taught. William F. Albright, his students, and G. Ernest Wright led the rethinking of the evolutionary paradigm within the philosophy of Idealism. Although they believed the differences between the ways the Israelites thought and their neighbor’sRead More Flood Myth of the Holy Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Myth1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sin-leqi-unninni version. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.    Harris, Stephen L. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† The Humanist Tradition in World Literature. Ed. Stephen Harris. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1970.    Ignatius Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966.    Sandars. N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.Read MoreEssay about Book Summary The Bible Among the Myths2835 Words   |  12 Pagesauthor also introduces the characteristics of myth. 1) That human beings have little or no real value. 2) The relative lack of interest in historical studies. 3) The practice of magic and the occult. 4) The refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. The final part of the introduction claims that the trustworthiness of the theological issues is contingent upon the trustworthiness of the historical claims. CHAPTER ONE THE BIBLE IN ITS WORLD In the first chapter it is toldRead More Comparing Creation Myths of Ancient Egypt and The Christian Bible1218 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Creation Myths of Ancient Egypt and The Christian Bible Creation in Ancient Egyptian religion can be much different than the creation account taken from The Bible. Genesis has a set description of â€Å"The Beginning† while there are several different versions and variations in Egyptian mythology. The versions range from a â€Å"one god† myth (Ptah; see picture) to the more common creator out of Nun, which in itself has several derivations. The Ogdoad is a grouping of eight gods that existedRead MoreBook Summary: the Bible Among the Myths by John N. Oswalt Essay3529 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT John Oswalt, in his book The Bible Among the Myths, presents his position to the reader that the bible is different and separate from other writings of the Ancient Near East. He asserts the Bible is both historically accurate and theologically sound. He makes the defense the Bible was divinely inspired and revealed to humanity and unique from other Ancient Near East literature. There was a time when the Bible, and the Israelite religion was different from its neighboring societies.